a) answer the following questions (just write down the question number and your answer- unless you want to print out the questions).
b) next to the question number can you write whether you think it is an AO1, AO2 or AO3 question.
AO1- knowledge
AO2- application of knowledge and how science works
AO3- how science work
Questions:
CHD-
Smoking as a risk factor:
Smoking is a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.
Smoking is known to raise the concentration of fibrinogen in the blood, promote
the aggregation of platelets and reduce the ability of arteries to dilate.
Use this information to:
(a) explain
the effect of smoking on blood pressure;
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(2)
(b) explain
how smoking might lead to the formation of a blood clot.
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(3)
(Total
5 marks)
Cholesterol
as a risk factor:
Coronary heart disease is a major cause of death in the western
world.
(a) The
diagram shows an external view of a human heart with a blood clot in one of the
main coronary arteries.
(i) Shade,
on the diagram, the area of heart muscle which is likely to receive a reduced
supply of blood because of the blood clot.
(1)
(ii) Explain
why a blood clot in a coronary artery is likely to result in a heart attack.
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(3)
(b) Three
important risk factors associated with coronary heart disease are cigarette
smoking, high blood pressure and a high plasma cholesterol level. Explain how
each of the three factors increases the risk of heart disease
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(6)
Atheroma:
(a) What
is atheroma?
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(2)
(b) Describe
how atheroma can lead to an aneurysm.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Cardiac cycle-
Pressure changes in the cardiac
cycle:
(a) During
the cardiac cycle the heart fills with blood and then the ventricles contract.
The table gives the filling time and the contraction time at different heart
rates.
|
Heart rate/beats
per minute |
Filling time/seconds
|
Contraction
time/seconds |
|
39.7
|
0.37
|
1.14
|
|
49.6
|
0.38
|
0.83
|
|
71.4
|
0.38
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0.46
|
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81.1
|
0.38
|
0.36
|
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87.0
|
0.39
|
0.30
|
(i) Give
two conclusions that can be drawn from the figures in the table.
1
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2
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(2)
(ii) Explain
how you would use the figures in the table to calculate the contraction time at
a heart rate of 60 beats per minute.
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(2)
(iii) What
additional information would you need in order to find the cardiac output at a
particular heart rate?
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(1)
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